1. Media monitor, Center for Media and Public Affairs, Washington, D.C., Vol. III, No. 7, Sept. 1989.

2. Suzanne Huffman, Yang Tai-en; Yan Liqun, and Keith P. Sanders, Genie out of the Bottle: Three U.S. Networks Report Tiananmen Square, University of Missouri, Columbia, August 1990.

3. WP, 4/22/89.

4. On inter-university coordination in Beijing, presentation by student leader Shen Tong, Harvard, 4/4/90; on inter-city coordination, presentation by Charles Sylvester, former U.S. Consul-General in Shanghai, Harvard, 5/22/90.

5. Time, 5/l/89.

6. Michael Fathers and Andrew Higgins, Tiananmen: The Rape of Peking, The Independent, London, p. 31.

7. Carrel, ABC, 4/24/89.

S. Time, 5/l/89, p. 45.

9. Mathews, WP, 5/29/89.

10. Yi and Thompson, Mark V., Crisis at Tiananmen, China Books & Periodicals, San Francisco, 1989, p. 28.

11. Southerland, WP, 4/29/89; Kristof, New York Times Sunday Week in Review, 4/30/89.

12. Burton and Florcruz, Time, 5/8/89.

13. Time, 5/8/89. It was not until June 7 that the New York Times reported that the decision not to use force was made by Qiao Shi, the Politburo member in charge of security.

14. Kristof, NYT, 5/18/89;
Ibid., 5/19/89.
Ibid., 5/23/89.

15. Holley, LAT, 4/30/89.

16. Shen Tong, Almost a Revolution, Boston, 1990, p. 236.

17. LAT, 5/18/89.

18. Kristof, NYT, 5/15/89.

19. WuDunn, NYT, 5/15/89.

20. Dobbs, WP, 5/15/89.

21. Dobbs, WP, 5/16/89.

22. Keller, NYT, 5/17/89.

23. Much material about the movement outside Beijing came out in a Chinese publication, official but restricted, in Chinese, that has reached the West: Jing xin dong bo de 56 tian ("Soul-Stirring 56 Days"), Beijing, Da di chu ban she, 1989.

24. Shen Tong, Almost a Revolution, Boston, 1990, p. 269.

25. Kathy Wilhelm, AP, 4/28/89, Slug: China, AMs, 1912 EDT.

26. John Pomfret, AP, 5/26/89, Slug: China, AMs, 2331 EDT.

27. Beijing Review, September 11-17, 1989. This was provided by the Chinese Embassy in Washington in response to our questions about the government version of events.

28. Kristof, NYT, 6/21/89.

29. "China: One Year After Tiananmen Square," sponsored by the Ethics and Public Policy Center in Washington, D.C.

30. Burgess, WP, 6/12/89.
Ibid., 6/13/89.
Oberdorfer, WP, 6/14/89.
Kristof, NYT, 6/12/89.
Thomas Friedman, NYT, 6/13/89.
Ibid., 6/14/89.
Williams, LAT, 6/11/89.
Norman Kempster, LAT, 6/13/89.
Kristof, NYT, 6/10/89.
Orville Schell, NYT, 6/15/89.

31. The Los Angeles Times published a twelve-page special section, "The Shattered Dream--China/1989," written by Mann, Holley and others, on June 25, 1989. The Washington Post ran Southerland's long story on Aug. 20. Kristof's article ran in the New York Times Sunday Magazine on 6/21/89.

32. Presentation by Mike Lampton, director of the Council on U.S.-China Relations, at Harvard, April 1990; background interviews with two Congressional committee staff members, Washington, 5/14-15/90; background interviews with six U.S. officials involved in planning and executing China policy, May-June, 1990.

33. Maureen Dowd, NYT, 5/20/89.

Abrams, Jim, Associated Press, Beijing Bureau Chief, interviewed in Beijing on May 1, 1990.

Bettag, Tom, CBS Evening News, Executive Producer, telephone interview, July 26, 1990.

Bennett, Amanda, China Specialist, Wall Street Journal, telephone interview, July 12, 1990.

Burton, Sandra, Former Beijing Bureau Chief, Time Magazine, in Beijing, May 4, 1990.

Bush, Richard, Solarz Staff, in Washington, D.C., May 14, 1990.

Chua, Howard, Time Magazine, telephone interview, June 3 1990.

Elliott, Dorinda, Newsweek Magazine, Beijing Bureau chief, in Beijing, May 20, 1990.

Faison, Seth, Beijing Correspondent, South China Morning Post, May 9, 1990.

Fingar, Tom, China Specialist, Intelligence and Research Department, U.S. State Department in Washington, D.C., telephone interview, May 15, 1990 (Not for attribution by name.).

Florcruz, Jaime, Beijing Bureau, Time Magazine, in Beijing, April 30, 1990.

Getler, Mike, Assistant Managing Editor-Foreign, Washington Post, telephone interview, July 1990.

Goldman, Merle, China Specialist, Boston University, in Cambridge, MA, May and June, 1990.

Gwertzman, Bernard, Foreign Editor, New York Times, in New York City, May 6, 1990.

Harding, Harry, China specialist, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., telephone interview, May 29, 1990.

Holbrooke, Richard, Former Assistant Secretary of State (Far East), in New York City, May 7, 1990.

Holley, David, Los Angeles Times, Beijing Bureau Chief, in Beijing, April 30, 1990.

Hopkins, Mark, Former Beijing Correspondent, Voice of America, in Cambridge, MA, March 1990.

Huang Yasheng, deputy chairman of China Information Center and an eyewitness to the events in Tiananmen Square in the spring of 1989, in Cambridge, MA, May 1, 1990.

Ignatius, Adi, Beijing Correspondent, Wall Street Journal, in Beijing, May 10, 1990.

Jordan, Eason, International Affairs Director, CNN, telephone interview, May 18, 1990.

Karnow, Stanley, Author and China Specialist, telephone interview, April 25, 1990.

Kristof, Nicholas & WuDunn, Sheryl, Beijing Correspondents, New York Times, in Beijing, May 7, 1990.

Leung, Julia, Asian Wall Street Journal, in Hong Kong, December 5, 1989.

Li, Simon, Foreign Desk, Los Angeles Times, telephone interview, July 19, 1990.

Litke, Mark, Hong Kong-based Correspondent, ABC News, February 1, 1990.

Liu, Melinda, Hong Kong Bureau Chief and Asia Regional Editor, Newsweek Magazine, in Hong Kong, February 10, 1990.

Lubman, Sarah, Former Washington Post stringer and currently with United Press International Bureau in Beijing, in Beijing, May 4, 1990.

Lord, Winston, Former U.S. Ambassador to China, in New York City, May 7, 1990.

MaCartney, Jane, Asiaweek reporter from end of April to June 4, 1989 in Beijing, and Reuters correspondent from August 1989 to present, in Hong Kong, November 21, 1989.

MacFarquhar, Roderick, Professor, China Specialist, Harvard University, May 1990.

Mathews, Jay, Former Beijing Correspondent, Washington Post, telephone interview, July 12, 1990.

Miller, Keith, Hong Kong-Based Correspondent, NBC News, in Hong Kong, January 23, 1990.

Munson, Jim, Beijing Correspondent and 1990 President of the Foreign Correspondents Club of Beijing, Canadian Television, in Beijing, May 15, 1990.

New York City Press Breakfast: Chua, Howard, Time Magazine, Bennett, Amanda, Wall Street Journal, Lane, Nancy, Producer CNN, Polowetzky, Nate, Former Foreign Editor, Associated Press, Sciere, Kathy, Producer, CBS, Posner, Irine, Center for Communication, Jones, Terril, Beijing, bureau, Associated Press, New York City, May 7, 1990.

Paal, Doug, China Specialist, National Security Council Staff, in Washington, D.C., telephone interview, May 15, 1990 (Not for attribution by name.).

Perkins, Dwight, Professor, Harvard University, May 1990.

Polowetzky, Nate, Former Foreign Editor, Associated Press, telephone interview, July 16, 1990.

Pomfret, John, Beijing Bureau, Associated Press, in Hong Kong, February 11, 1990.

Schweisberg, David, Beijing Bureau Chief, United Press International, in Beijing, May 1, 1990.

Sciere, Kathy, Senior Foreign Producer, CBS Evening News, telephone interview, July 16, 1990.

Shen Tong, Chinese student leader, presentation at the John F. Kennedy School, in Cambridge, MA, April 4, 1990.

Solomon, Richard, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia, in Washington, D.C., June 1, 1990 (Not for attribution by name.)

Rosenberg, David, Foreign Editor, Asian Wall Street Journal, in Hong Kong, December 13, 1989.

Southerland, Daniel, Beijing Correspondent, Washington Post, in Beijing, May 4, 16, 19, 1990 meetings.

Stewart, William, Time Magazine, November 28, 1989.

Strauss, Valerie, Foreign Desk, Washington Post, telephone interview, May 20, 1990.

Sutter, Bob, China Specialist at Congressional Research Service, May 14, 1990 (Not for attribution by name.).

Sylvester, Charles, former U.S. Consul-General in Shanghai, a presentation at Harvard, June 1990.

Terrill, Ross, China specialist, in Boston, May 1990.

Thomson, James, Professor, Boston University, May 1990.

Washington, D.C. Press Breakfast: Morton, Bruce, Correspondent, CBS, Dingus, John, News Editor, National Public Radio, Mann, Jim, Former China Correspondent, Los Angeles Times, Judd, Jackie, Correspondent, ABC, Pessin, Al, Former Beijing Correspondent, Voice of America, Shaw, Bernard, Anchor, CNN, Strauss, Valerie, Washington Post, in Washington, D.C., May 15, 1990.

Wiedemann, A. Kent, China Country Officer, U.S. State Department, in Washington, D.C., May 15, 1990 (Not for attribution by name.).

Wong, Jan, Beijing Correspondent, Toronto Globe and Mail, in Beijing, May 8, 1990.

Wu, Eugene, Chief Librarian of Yenching Library, in Cambridge, May 1990.

William Alford, Harvard University School of Law

Tom Ashbrook, Boston Globe

Michael Berlin, Boston University

Jan Berris, National Committee on U.S. China Relations

Keith Botsford, Bostonian Magazine

Fox Butterfield, The New York Times

David Caravello, CBS News

David Chiel, Ford Foundation

David Chu, East-West Center

Rachelle Cohen, The Boston Herald

Merle Goldman, Fairbank Center for East Asian Research

Xiaoxia Gong, Harvard University

Weigun Gu, Harvard University

Ted Gup, Time Magazine

Bernard Gwertzman, The New York Times

Harry Harding, Brookings Institution

Nancy Hearst, Fairbank Center for East Asian Research

Nancy Hodes, Harvard University

William Hodes, Indiana University School of Law

Ben Huang, Harvard University

Yasheng Huang, Fairbank Center for East Asian Research

Ellen Hume, Joan Shorenstein Barone Center

Akira Iriye, Harvard University

Linda Jakobson, Sanomat, Finland

William Joseph, Wellesley College

Jackie Judd, ABC News

Mark Jurkowitz, The Boston Phoenix

Joseph Kahn, Dallas Evening News

Anthony Kane, Asia Society

Marvin Kalb, Joan Shorenstein Barone Center

Stanley Karnow, Author

Tom Kent, Associated Press

Don Kline, Tufts University

Jane Lampman, Christian science Monitor

Yrjo Lansipuro, Finnish Broadcasting Company

Nancy Lane, CNN

Tim Leland, The Boston Globe

Tom Levenson, WGBH

Jim Mann, Los Angeles Times

Tim McNulty, The Chicago Tribune

Mark Mohr, Department of State

Jonathan Moses, Office of James Florio

Gary Orren, Joan Shorenstein Barone Center

Al Pessin, Voice of America

Irine Posner, Center for Communications

Lucian Pye, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Charles Radin, The Boston Globe

Robert Ross, Boston College

Jeffrey Sommer, Newsday

Dan Southerland, Council on Foreign Relations; The Washington Post

Wendy Tang, Canadian Government

Andrea Taylor, Ford Foundation

Ross Terrill, Author; Fairbank Center for East Asian Research

James Thomson, Boston University

Shen Tong, Democracy for China Fund

Stan Vittoz, York University

Zhigiang Wang, Harvard University

Susan Weld, Harvard University School of Law

Sophia Wong, MIT and Wellesley College

Eugene Wu, Harvard Yenching Library

John Yemma, The Boston Globe

Frederick Yu, Columbia University

Amy Zegart, McKinsey and Company

Susan Zirinsky, CBS News

David Zweig, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy